Choosing between Acorn and Bruno stairlifts in 2025 affects safety, budget, installation and long-term value. This article compares brand histories, top models, safety features, installation planning, pricing and financing, plus home-safety upgrades. Read a side-by-side analysis, practical cost planning, an FAQ, and clear recommendations to help you decide which stairlift best fits your home’s layout and needs.
Brand backgrounds and product lineups
When you start looking at stairlifts, Acorn and Bruno are two names that pop up almost immediately. They represent two very different approaches to solving the same problem, and understanding their backgrounds and product lines is the first step in figuring out which one is right for you. They differ in their manufacturing philosophy, sales model, and the types of solutions they prioritize.
Acorn Stairlifts
Company and Approach
Acorn has been in the business since the early 1990s and established its U.S. headquarters in Orlando, Florida. The company operates on a more centralized, direct-to-consumer model. While they have a network of installers across the country, you won’t find a large chain of Acorn-branded showrooms. Their business is built on efficiency and volume. Acorn’s core philosophy is centered on providing a straightforward, value-oriented solution that can be installed very quickly. This is their biggest unique selling point, especially for straight staircases. They achieve this speed through a unique modular rail system. Instead of fabricating a single custom rail, they use interlocking, pre-manufactured rail sections that an installer can piece together on-site. This dramatically cuts down the lead time, with installation often possible within a few days of your initial call, assuming local stock is available.
2025 Product Portfolio
Acorn’s product lineup is lean and focused, reflecting their philosophy of simplicity and speed.
- Acorn 130 Straight Stairlift This is their flagship and most common model. It runs on the modular rack-and-pinion rail system and is designed for simple, straight staircases. It features a comfortable, foldable seat and footrest, standard safety sensors, and two remote controls. According to 2025 spec sheets, its standard weight capacity is 280 pounds, with a heavy-duty version available that supports up to 350 pounds, accommodating the majority of users.
- Acorn 180 Curved Stairlift For stairs with turns, landings, or curves, Acorn offers the 180. What makes this model stand out is its use of a modular curved rail system. This is unusual in the industry, as most curved lifts require a fully custom-made rail. Acorn’s approach allows for a much faster installation time than competitors but may result in a ride that feels less seamless than a single-piece custom rail.
- Acorn 130 Outdoor Stairlift This is a weather-resistant version of their straight stairlift. It comes with a durable waterproof cover and features components treated to withstand rain, sun, and temperature changes, making it suitable for porches, decks, and garden steps.
Bruno Independent Living Aids
Company and Approach
Bruno is a family-owned American company with over 30 years of history, and it proudly manufactures its products in Oconomowoc, Wisconsin. Their brand identity is built on quality, durability, and American craftsmanship. Unlike Acorn, Bruno relies on an extensive network of local, authorized dealers. Many of these dealers operate physical showrooms in major metropolitan areas, allowing you to see, touch, and even ride a stairlift before you buy. This local presence is central to their model, as these dealers handle everything from the initial consultation and measurement to installation and ongoing service. The key differences often come down to product quality and who is standing behind your lift once it is installed.
2025 Product Portfolio
Bruno’s product line is broader than Acorn’s, with a clear emphasis on customization, premium features, and heavy-duty performance.
- Bruno Elan Straight Stairlift The Elan is Bruno’s standard straight stairlift and a direct competitor to the Acorn 130. It’s known for its reliability and compact design, with a standard weight capacity of 300 pounds.
- Bruno Elite Straight Stairlift This is the premium straight model. It offers a step up in every category with a smoother, quieter ride, a more comfortable and adjustable seat, and a higher weight capacity of 400 pounds. This makes it a leading option for bariatric users or anyone seeking a more robust solution.
- Bruno Elite Curved Stairlift The Elite Curved is arguably Bruno’s signature product. Each rail is custom-fabricated in their Wisconsin factory based on precise laser measurements of your specific staircase. This meticulous process ensures the tightest possible fit to your wall and an exceptionally smooth and stable ride around corners. This customization takes time, with lead times for curved models typically ranging from two to eight weeks, but the result is a truly bespoke installation.
- Outdoor and Heavy-Duty Options Bruno has a strong reputation for its outdoor models, offering both the Elite Outdoor Straight and the highly-regarded Elite Outdoor Curved stairlift. These units are engineered to withstand harsh weather conditions. Beyond chair lifts, Bruno also manufactures vertical platform lifts, underscoring their expertise in heavy-duty accessibility solutions.
Before moving on, it’s important to confirm these product details and availability with local dealers in your area, as offerings can be updated. The fundamental difference remains clear, Acorn prioritizes speed and value with its modular systems, while Bruno focuses on premium, custom-built solutions supported by a local dealer network. Now, let’s break down how their specific features compare head-to-head.
Feature by feature comparison
When you move past the company histories and product lists, the real decision comes down to the details. How a stairlift performs day-to-day is what truly determines its value. Let’s break down the key features of Acorn and Bruno models available in 2025 to see how they stack up in terms of comfort, safety, and long-term reliability.
Seating Comfort and Adjustability
You’ll be spending a lot of time in this seat, so comfort is not a luxury; it’s a necessity. Acorn seats are functional and adequately padded, with a standard width that fits most users. Bruno, particularly with its Elite line, offers a bit more. Their seats are often slightly wider (around 17-19 inches compared to Acorn’s 16-18 inches) and come with more upholstery and color options, allowing for a better match with your home decor. For users who need a more tailored fit or simply prioritize comfort, Bruno’s focus on ergonomic design and customization gives it an edge. Why it matters: A comfortable, properly-sized seat ensures a pleasant ride and provides better support, which is crucial for safety and daily usability.
Leader: Bruno
Motor, Drive Type, Speed, and Noise
Both Acorn and Bruno use a reliable rack-and-pinion drive system powered by a DC motor. This is the industry standard, known for a smooth and steady ride. Travel speed is also comparable, with most models moving at a safe and comfortable pace of about 3-4 inches per second. Where they can differ is in perceived quality. Bruno heavily markets its “soft start and stop” feature, which avoids jarring movements. While noise level is subjective and depends on your home’s acoustics, many dealers and users report that Bruno’s Elite models run exceptionally quiet. Acorn lifts are not loud, but they don’t have the same reputation for whisper-quiet operation. We recommend asking your dealer for a live or video demonstration to judge for yourself. Why it matters: A smooth, quiet motor enhances the user experience and prevents the stairlift from being a noisy disruption in your home.
Leader: Bruno (for ride quality and perceived quietness)
Weight Capacity Ranges
This is a critical safety specification. Acorn’s standard straight lift supports up to 280 pounds, with an available heavy-duty model rated for 350 pounds. Bruno’s Elan straight stairlift has a standard capacity of 300 pounds, while their heavy-duty Elite models, both straight and curved, are rated for up to 400 pounds. This makes Bruno the clear choice for users who require a higher weight limit. Always choose a lift that comfortably exceeds the user’s current weight to ensure safe operation for years to come. Why it matters: Exceeding a lift’s weight capacity is a major safety risk that can lead to mechanical failure. A higher capacity provides a greater safety margin.
Leader: Bruno
Rail Types and Customization
Here lies one of the biggest philosophical differences between the two brands. Acorn uses a modular rail system. For straight stairs, this means sections are pieced together on-site for a very fast installation. For curved stairs, they use a similar modular approach. This significantly reduces the lead time. Bruno, on the other hand, custom-fabricates every single curved rail in their Wisconsin factory based on precise measurements of your staircase. This process takes longer, often several weeks, but results in a rail that perfectly matches every bend and turn of your stairs. For straight stairs, both offer high-quality, durable rails. The choice comes down to priorities: Acorn for speed, Bruno for a bespoke fit on complex staircases. You can find more details on how different brands compare on this feature at Lifeway Mobility’s comparison chart. Why it matters: A well-fitted rail ensures the smoothest, most stable ride and can be more aesthetically pleasing. The trade-off is between installation speed and a custom fit.
Leader: Tie (Acorn for speed, Bruno for custom precision)
Battery Backup and Safety Features
In a power outage, you can’t be left stranded. Both brands include battery backup as a standard, non-negotiable feature. The lifts run on battery power and continuously charge at their designated parking stations. This ensures you can still make multiple trips up and down the stairs until power is restored. On safety, they are also evenly matched. Both Acorn and Bruno lifts come standard with essential features like obstruction sensors on the footrest and carriage (which stop the lift if it encounters an object), a retractable seatbelt, and a swivel seat that locks in place for safe transfers away from the stairs. Why it matters: These are the most important features for preventing accidents. Battery backup is your lifeline in an emergency, and sensors and seatbelts are your daily protection.
Leader: Tie
Powered Options and Foldable Features
To keep your staircase clear for others, all models from both brands feature a folding seat, footrest, and armrests. When folded, they typically take up only about 12-14 inches of space. However, Bruno offers more advanced powered options. A powered swivel seat, which turns you automatically at the top landing with the push of a button, is a popular upgrade. More uniquely, Bruno offers a powered folding rail. This is for homes where the rail might block a doorway or walkway at the bottom of the stairs. The end section of the rail automatically folds up and out of the way. This is a premium solution that Acorn does not offer. Why it matters: Powered options make the lift easier to use for those with severe mobility limitations, while folding rails solve common household obstruction problems.
Leader: Bruno
Outdoor Models
Both companies offer dedicated outdoor versions of their popular lifts. These models are built with durable, weather-resistant materials, sealed electronics to protect against moisture, and often come with a heavy-duty cover for protection when not in use. Bruno’s reputation is built on robust, American-made engineering, and their outdoor models are widely considered to be among the most durable in the industry, designed to withstand harsh sun, rain, and cold. Why it matters: Outdoor lifts face significant wear and tear from the elements. Robust weatherproofing is essential for safety, reliability, and a long service life.
Leader: Bruno
Warranty and Service Plans
Long-term value is heavily influenced by the warranty. Acorn typically provides a 12-month comprehensive warranty covering parts and labor. After that, repairs are out-of-pocket unless you purchase an extended service plan. Bruno stands out with a much stronger offering: a limited lifetime warranty on major components (the motor, gearbox, and rail) for their indoor models, and a 5-year warranty on major components for their curved models. This is often supplemented by a 2-year warranty on parts. This difference is significant and signals a higher level of confidence in their product’s longevity. Always read the fine print, as “limited” warranties have specific conditions, often requiring annual servicing by an authorized dealer to remain valid. Why it matters: A strong warranty protects you from expensive repair bills down the road and is a good indicator of the manufacturer’s faith in their product’s durability.
Leader: Bruno
Cost installation and financing planning
Understanding the total cost of a stairlift goes far beyond the sticker price. It involves installation, potential home modifications, and long-term financing. Let’s break down what you can expect to pay for an Acorn or Bruno stairlift in 2025 and how to plan for the entire process, from the first measurement to the final payment.
Estimated Costs and Price Tendencies
The most significant cost variable is your staircase itself. A straight staircase is always the most affordable option, while stairs with curves, turns, or intermediate landings require a custom-built rail, which significantly increases the price.
- Straight Stairlifts
For a standard, no-frills straight stairlift, expect to see prices in 2025 starting around $3,000 to $3,500 for an Acorn 130. Bruno’s entry-level model, the Elan, typically starts higher, in the $3,800 to $4,200 range. This price difference often reflects Bruno’s US-based manufacturing and dealer-supported model versus Acorn’s direct-to-consumer approach with a modular rail system. With added features like a powered swivel seat or a folding rail, the total installed cost for a straight lift from either brand can climb to between $5,000 and $6,000. - Curved Stairlifts
Customization is the key word here. A curved stairlift like the Acorn 180 or Bruno Elite Curved requires a custom-fabricated rail made precisely for your staircase. The process is more labor-intensive, and the price reflects that. Expect starting prices for any curved stairlift to be around $10,000. Most projects, depending on the number of turns, rail length, and complexity, will land in the $12,000 to $20,000 range. Bruno tends to have a higher price point for its curved lifts, but also offers more customization in terms of rail colors and upholstery.
The Installation Planning Process
Once you request a quote, the process moves quickly, but the timeline depends heavily on the type of lift you need.
Lead Times
Because Acorn uses a modular rail system for its straight lifts, lead times are very short. If a local dealer has the components in stock, installation can often happen within a few days, sometimes as quickly as 1 to 7 business days from your initial consultation. For a custom-curved rail from Bruno, the process is much longer. After precise measurements are taken, the rail must be manufactured. The typical lead time from measurement to installation is anywhere from 2 to 8 weeks.
On-Site Measurement and Home Prep
A technician will visit your home to perform a detailed survey. They are not just measuring length. They will document a complete stair profile, including:
- The rise (height) and run (depth) of each step.
- The width of the staircase at its narrowest point. A minimum width of 30-32 inches is often required, with 36 inches recommended for comfort.
- The specifics of any curves, turns, or fan-shaped steps.
- The clearance at the top and bottom landings.
- Any obstructions like windowsills, heating vents, or doorways.
Based on this survey, you may need some minor home preparation. Common adjustments include relocating a handrail to the opposite wall, trimming a windowsill, or changing a doorway to swing outward instead of into the landing space. Reinforcing the stairs themselves is rarely necessary, as modern stairlifts mount directly to the stair treads, not the wall.
The Installation Visit
A standard straight stairlift installation is surprisingly fast, usually taking just 2 to 4 hours. The technicians will arrive with all the components, assemble the rail, attach it to your treads, mount the chair, and connect the power. A curved installation is more involved and can take a full day, typically 4 to 8 hours, as the custom rail sections must be perfectly assembled and aligned. During the visit, expect the installers to be professional and clean. They will test the unit thoroughly, show you how to operate it, explain the safety features, and answer all your questions before they leave.
Financing, Payments, and Insurance Reality
Paying for a stairlift out-of-pocket can be a challenge, but several options exist. First, it’s critical to understand what insurance will and will not cover. The hard truth is that Original Medicare (Part A and B) does not pay for stairlifts. They are considered a “home modification” rather than “durable medical equipment.” Most private health insurance plans follow Medicare’s lead. Always call your provider to verify your specific policy, but you should plan on covering the cost through other means.
Here are the most common payment routes:
- Manufacturer or Dealer Financing
Both Acorn and Bruno’s dealer networks offer financing plans. In 2025, it’s common to see promotional offers like 0% APR for 12 or 18 months for qualified buyers. Longer-term loans of up to 60 months are also available, with interest rates varying based on credit. - Third-Party Loans
You can secure a personal loan from your bank or a credit union, or look into specialized medical equipment lenders who may offer competitive rates. - Rental vs. Purchase
If your need is temporary, perhaps for post-surgery recovery, renting is a viable option. Some dealers offer rentals for straight stairlifts, with monthly costs typically ranging from $150 to $300, plus an initial installation and removal fee. Curved lifts are almost never available for rent due to the custom rail. - Veteran Programs
The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) may offer assistance through programs like the Home Improvements and Structural Alterations (HISA) grant. Coverage is not guaranteed and is approved on a case-by-case basis, so it’s essential to work with your local VA office to determine eligibility.
Sample Cost Comparison Worksheet
To compare your quotes accurately, create a simple worksheet. This helps you see the true total cost beyond the base price. For example, a quote for a Bruno Elan might be $4,200, while an Acorn 130 is $3,500. But what if the Bruno quote includes a powered swivel seat and a 5-year service plan? Your worksheet should have these lines:
Item Quote 1 (Brand A) Quote 2 (Brand B) ----------------------------------------------------------------- Base Stairlift Price $_________________ $_________________ Powered Swivel Seat $_________________ $_________________ Folding Rail Option $_________________ $_________________ Custom Upholstery $_________________ $_________________ Installation Fee $_________________ $_________________ Extended Warranty/Service $_________________ $_________________ ----------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL UPFRONT COST $_________________ $_________________ Financing Details: Loan Amount $_________________ $_________________ APR _________________% _________________% Term (Months) _________________ _________________ ESTIMATED MONTHLY PAYMENT $_________________ $_________________
Using this helps you make an apples-to-apples comparison. A $12,000 curved stairlift financed for 60 months at a 7.9% APR would result in a monthly payment of approximately $241. Seeing the numbers laid out this way makes the decision much clearer.
Frequently Asked Questions
Here are answers to a few common questions regarding long-term ownership and special circumstances.
Can a stairlift be moved to a new home?
It depends on the type of lift. A straight stairlift can usually be removed and reinstalled in a new home, provided the new staircase is long enough. The rail may need to be shortened or extended. A custom-curved stairlift, however, is manufactured for the precise geometry of one specific staircase. It is almost never possible to reinstall a custom-curved rail in a new home unless the staircases are identical, which is highly unlikely. This significantly impacts its long-term value if you plan to move.
- Next Step: If you anticipate moving in the next few years, discuss the costs and feasibility of relocation with your dealer before buying. This may influence your decision, especially if you have a curved staircase.
What routine maintenance and expected annual costs should I budget for?
To ensure safety and longevity, an annual professional service is recommended. This typically costs between $100 and $300 and includes inspection, lubrication, cleaning, and testing of all safety features. The other major long-term cost is battery replacement. The sealed gel or lead-acid batteries that power the lift typically last 2 to 5 years, depending on use. A new set of batteries professionally installed usually costs between $150 and $600. Budgeting for these two items will help you manage the total cost of ownership over the lift’s 10+ year lifespan.
- Next Step: Ask the dealer for a written schedule of recommended maintenance and a price list for common replacement parts like batteries and remote controls.
Conclusions and buying recommendations
After comparing the features, costs, and service models of Acorn and Bruno, the best choice for your home in 2025 comes down to what you value most. There isn’t a single “better” brand; instead, there is a better fit for your specific needs, staircase, and long-term plans. The decision balances initial cost against lifetime value, and speed of installation against custom craftsmanship.
Bruno is the superior choice for the homeowner prioritizing long-term reliability, premium build quality, and localized, hands-on service. If your home is your permanent residence and you view a stairlift as a lasting investment in your safety and independence, Bruno’s higher initial cost is often justified.
You are likely a Bruno buyer if:
- You have a complex, curved, or narrow staircase. Bruno’s custom-fabricated rails, measured precisely for your home, provide a smoother, more stable ride on non-standard stairs. While the lead time can be several weeks, the result is a perfect fit that maximizes space and safety.
- You need an outdoor or heavy-duty solution. Bruno’s Elite models offer a robust 400 lb weight capacity and dedicated outdoor units built with weather-resistant materials, making them a more durable choice for challenging applications.
- A comprehensive warranty and local support are non-negotiable. Bruno’s lifetime limited warranty on major components for many indoor models is a significant advantage. This is supported by a strong network of local, factory-trained dealers who handle installation, service, and repairs, often with faster response times. You value having a local expert you can call directly.
- You prefer American-made products. Bruno proudly manufactures its stairlifts in Wisconsin, a factor that appeals to many buyers who prioritize domestic manufacturing and parts availability.
The trade-off is clear; you will pay more upfront for a Bruno stairlift. A straight Elan model typically starts around $3,800, and a custom curved Elite can easily exceed $12,000. However, this premium buys peace of mind, superior engineering for complex stairs, and a support system designed for the long haul.
Acorn represents the best value for the budget-conscious buyer with a straightforward staircase who needs a reliable solution installed quickly. If you are dealing with an immediate mobility need or are managing costs carefully, Acorn delivers a safe and functional product without the premium price tag.
Acorn is likely a better value for you if:
- You have a standard, straight staircase. Acorn’s signature modular rail system is the core of its value proposition. It allows for extremely fast installation, sometimes within a day or two of your initial consultation, because dealers can assemble it on-site from stocked parts.
- Your primary concern is upfront cost. With straight stairlifts starting around $3,000, Acorn is one of the most affordable professional-grade options on the market. This makes safe home access achievable for those on a tighter budget.
- You need a solution right away. The speed of Acorn’s process is unmatched for straight stairs. If a sudden health issue or a family member moving in creates an urgent need, Acorn can often get a lift installed faster than any custom-built alternative.
The trade-off with Acorn is in the warranty and service structure. The standard 12-month warranty is significantly shorter than Bruno’s. While service is available nationwide, it operates through a more centralized model rather than a network of dedicated local showrooms. For a simple, straight staircase where custom features are not needed, these trade-offs are often acceptable for the considerable cost savings.
Your Final Decision Checklist
Before you sign a contract, complete these essential steps to ensure you’re making a fully informed choice. This process protects your investment and guarantees the lift you choose is the right one for your home and your future.
- Schedule an Onsite Measurement. Never buy a stairlift based on phone estimates alone. A professional needs to assess your staircase, measure angles, identify potential obstructions like doorways or handrails, and confirm your home’s suitability.
- Get Three Competitive Quotes. Contact authorized dealers for both Bruno and Acorn, along with one other reputable brand like Harmar or Stannah. This gives you a clear picture of fair market pricing in your area for 2025 and exposes any outliers. Ensure each quote is itemized with the model, features, installation cost, and warranty terms.
- Verify the Warranty Wording. Ask for the full warranty document, not just a summary. For Bruno’s lifetime warranty, understand exactly which parts are covered and for how long. Note any clauses that require paid annual maintenance from an authorized dealer to keep the warranty valid.
- Ask About Transferability and Resale. If you think you might move, ask about the process and cost of relocating the stairlift. Straight lifts are easier to move than curved ones. Understand that custom curved rails have almost no resale value, as they are built for a specific staircase.
- Check Local Dealer Service Response Times. Ask the dealer directly, “What is your guaranteed response time for a service call if my lift stops working?” Look for reviews online that mention service calls and repair experiences. A great product is only as good as the team that supports it.
- Try a Demo Seat. If possible, visit a local dealer’s showroom. Sitting in a stairlift seat, testing the controls, and feeling the swivel mechanism can reveal a lot about comfort and ease of use. This is particularly important for users with specific physical limitations.
With your research complete, the next step is to start scheduling those in-home consultations. Use the checklist above to guide your conversations with dealers. Remember to confirm all current 2025 specifications, pricing, and any available financing offers directly with the authorized representatives before committing. This final diligence will ensure the stairlift you choose provides safety, freedom, and true value for years to come.
References
- Compare the Best Stairlifts: Harmar vs. Handicare, Stannah, Bruno … — If you're comparing Made-in-USA models, Harmar and Bruno are the two leaders — but Harmar's plug-and-play simplicity and battery longevity stand out. If you're …
- Acorn Vs. Bruno – Which Stairlift company is better? — Acorn's flagship straight lift is the Acorn 130, whereas Bruno relies heavily upon their Elan straight stair chair. Upgrade options are …
- Bruno vs. Acorn Stairlifts: Which is Better? | 101 Mobility — Acorn stairlifts, the key differences are simple: product quality and who is standing behind your lift once it is installed. Bruno stairlifts …
- Bruno VS Acorn – Stairlift Medics — Let us tell you about the benefits of choosing a Bruno Stairlift for your chairlift installation, compared to Acorn Stairlifts.
- The Best Stair Lift Companies (2025) The Senior List — Leaf Home, Bruno, and Acorn offer the best stair lifts for seniors based on safety and price, with Leaf Home rated best overall, Bruno best for warranty, …
- Best Stairlift Brands of 2025 for Safe Home Mobility – Modernize — Compare the best stairlift brands of 2025. See costs, features, and installers to find a safe, comfortable lift for your staircase.
- Compare Best Stair Lifts of 2025 – Lifeway Mobility — Compare the top stair lifts to find the right one to meet your needs. Lifeway Mobility offers straight and curved stair lifts for indoor and outdoor use in …
- 9 Best Stair Lifts of 2025 (With Costs) – Retirement Living — The system makes installation on curved stairs fast and easy to customize on the spot. Unlike Harmar or Bruno, Acorn is a direct manufacturer.
- The Consumer Reports Best Stair Lifts of 2025 – Williams Lifts — Here is our synthesis of the best stairlifts of 2023. The best stair lifts of 2023 include Bruno, AmeriGlide, Acorn, Harmar, Access BDD, and Stannah.
Legal Disclaimers & Brand Notices
General Disclaimer and Medical Advice
The content of this article is provided for informational and comparative purposes only. It is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment regarding mobility issues, recovery, or the suitability of specific equipment for individual health conditions. Always seek the advice of a qualified healthcare provider or physical therapist with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition or before making decisions about mobility aids and home modifications. Reliance on any information provided in this article is solely at your own risk.
Trademark Acknowledgement
All product names, logos, and brands mentioned in this article are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Use of these names, trademarks, and brands does not imply endorsement, affiliation, or sponsorship by the publisher. Specifically:
- Acorn, Acorn 130, and Acorn 180 are trademarks of Acorn Stairlifts.
- Bruno, Bruno Elan, and Bruno Elite are trademarks of Bruno Independent Living Aids.
- Other brands mentioned, including Harmar, Stannah, and Medicare, are the property of their respective owners.
The publisher makes no claims to ownership of any third-party trademarks referenced herein.




